=== References ===

== Cases ==
  * Bail
    * [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW/88/88/|State ex rel. West v. Collins]], 10 N.D. 464, 88 N.W. 88 (1901)
    * [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW/222/651/|State v. Tucker]], 57 N.D. 508, 222 N.W. 651 (1928)
  * Excessive Fines
    * [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW2d/446/747/|Stoner v. Nash Finch]], 446 N.W.2d 747 (N.D. 1989)
    * Black Hills Trucking v. N.D. Indus. Comm'n, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/ND/2017/284|2017 ND 284]]
  * Cruel or Unusual Punishment
    * [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW/213/484/|State v. Jochim]], 55 N.D. 313 (1927) ("The term "cruel" refers to the form of the punishment and its infliction as barbarous; the term "unusual" is used in reference to the frequency.")
    * [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW/226/505/|State v. Kingen]], 58 N.D. 327 (1929)

== Parallel Provisions ==

  * [[https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-viii|U.S. Const. amend. VIII]] ("Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.")

== Secondary Sources ==
  * Cooley Const. Lim. {{ :refs:1883_cooley_constitutional_limitations.pdf#page=460 |pp. 376-78}} (bail), {{:refs:1883_cooley_constitutional_limitations.pdf#page=486 |pp. 402-04}} (excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishments)
  * Phillips, James Cleith, [[https://ssrn.com/abstract=3889716|The Original Meaning of Bailable in the Utah Constitution]] (July 19, 2021) (collecting parallel provisions and late 1800s sources)