====== N.D. Const. art. IV, § 33 — Research ======

**Repealed.** Text of the section: [[.:start|current and prior versions]].

Every citing reference in the corpus: **73** court opinions and **2** Attorney General opinions. Counts include the section's pre-1981 designation (§ 61), era-gated by the renumbering crosswalk.

//Generated from the citation graph of the validated corpus. Treatment groupings (construing / citing / recital) are heuristic reading aids, not editorial judgments — read the opinion before relying on any signal.//

===== Cases by topic =====

//Topics are machine-generated groupings of the citing references — reading aids, not editorial judgments. Documents cited after the last classification pass appear in the lists below until the next pass.//

== Purpose and construction of the single-subject rule ==

  * Bd. of Trustees of The N.D. Public Employees' Retirement System v. N.D. (con't), [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/7696|2023 ND 185]] (2023, Crothers, J.)
  * Benson v. North Dakota Workmen's Compensation Bureau, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2117678/benson-v-north-dakota-workmens-compensation-bureau/|1979 ND 128]] (1979, Pederson, J.)
  * Kelly v. Guy, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2161477/kelly-v-guy/|1965 ND 15]] (1965, Burdick, J.)
  * Sayler v. Brady, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934582/sayler-v-brady/|1933 ND 41]] (1933, Birdzell, J.)
  * City of Mandan v. Nichols, County Auditor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3932977/city-of-mandan-v-nichols/|1932 ND 62]] (1932, Burke, J.)
  * McCoy v. Davis, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850284/mccoy-v-davis/|1917 ND 176]] (1917, Christianson, J.)
  * McKone v. City of Fargo, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6849255/mckone-v-city-of-fargo/|1912 ND 66]] (1912, Goss, J.)  ·  construes
    * //“…%%fications special assessments approved after the passage of the act and special assessments approved prior to the passage of the act; the act as passed embodying an emergency clause. Counsel claims the statute is unconstitutional, as contravening the terms of section 61 of the Constitution, that "no bill shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its title." This contention is based upon the fact that the title of the act mentions only "the limitation of actions t%%…”//
  * State ex rel. Poole v. Peake, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6848658/state-ex-rel-poole-v-peake/|1909 ND 11]] (1909, Ellsworth, J.)  ·  construes
    * //“…%%ject and general purpose expressed in the title, "An act providing that all appointments to the various departments of the National Guard of the state of North Dakota shall be made from officers of the field and line," and does not contravene the provision of section 61, art. 2, of the state Constitution, requiring that the subject of an act shall be expressed in the title. In determining the constitutionality of a legislative act under section 61, art. 2, of the state Constitution,%%…”//

== Titles held sufficient and germane provisions ==

  * North American Coal Corp. v. Huber, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1800999/north-american-coal-corp-v-huber/|1978 ND 88]] (1978, Pederson, J.)
  * State ex rel. Weeks v. Olson, Acting Governor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934999/state-ex-rel-weeks-v-olson/|1935 ND 8]] (1935, Burke, J.)  ·  construes
    * //“…%%contention is that if section 1 of chapter 213, Session Laws North Dakota 1919 (section 2092a1, Supplement to the 1913 Compiled Laws), is construed to give the Governor authority to remove the tax commissioner without cause, that this section is violative of section 61 of the Constitution of the state of North Dakota, for the reason that the provision for removal in such manner is not expressed in the title of the act and is not germane to the subject-matter thereof. Section 61 of the%%…”//
  * State ex rel. Bismarck Tribune v. Steen, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934079/state-ex-rel-bismarck-tribune-v-steen/|1931 ND 52]] (1931, Nuessle, J.)
  * Olson v. Erickson, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3935287/olson-v-erickson/|1928 ND 9]] (1928, Burr, J.)
  * Thompson Yards, Inc., v. Kingsley, School Board of Franklin Dist., Steele County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934401/thompson-yards-v-kingsley/|1926 ND 53]] (1926, Birdzell, J.)
  * Klein v. Hutton, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6851329/klein-v-hutton/|1922 ND 132]] (1922, Grace, J.)
  * State ex rel. Amerland v. Hagan, Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850796/state-ex-rel-amerland-v-hagan/|1919 ND 194]] (1919, Bronson, J.)
  * State v. Valley City Special School District, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850641/state-v-valley-city-special-school-district/|1919 ND 146]] (1919, Grace, J.)
  * Brown v. Steckler Brotherhood of American Yeomen, Garnishee, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850414/brown-v-steckler/|1918 ND 86]] (1918, Bruce, J.)
  * Chaffee v. Farmers' Co-Operative Elevator Co., [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850397/chaffee-v-farmers-co-operative-elevator-co/|1918 ND 66]] (1918, Christianson, J.)
  * State v. Minneapolis & Northern Elevator Co., [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6848533/state-v-minneapolis-northern-elevator-co/|1908 ND 12]] (1908, Fisk, J.)
  * Eaton v. Guarantee Co., [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6847934/eaton-v-guarantee-co/|1902 ND 6]] (1902, Wallin, J.)  ·  construes
    * //“…%%Syllabus by the Court. 1. Section 61 of the state constitution, and chapter 5, Laws 1901, construed, and held that the body of chapter 5 embraces but one subject, and held, further, that the subject of the act is expressed in its title. 2. Where the subj%%…”//
  * State ex rel. Kol v. North Dakota Children's Home Society, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6847902/state-ex-rel-kol-v-north-dakota-childrens-home-society/|1901 ND 80]] (1901, Young, J.)
  * Power v. Kitching, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6847863/power-v-kitching/|1901 ND 24]] (1901, Wallin, J.)

== Acts held broader than their titles ==

  * Espeland v. Police Magistrate's Court of City of Grand Forks, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6852117/espeland-v-police-magistrates-court/|1951 ND 33]] (1951, Burke, J.)
  * Dornacker v. Strutz, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933814/dornacker-v-strutz/|1941 ND 85]] (1941, Nuessle, J.)
  * State ex rel. Olson, Highway Com'r, v. Welford, Acting Governor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3935246/state-ex-rel-olson-v-welford/|1935 ND 28]] (1935, Burke, J.)
  * Burrows v. Paulson, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933628/burrows-v-paulson/|1934 ND 31]] (1934, Nuessle, J.)
  * Wanberg v. National Union Fire Insurance, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850964/wanberg-v-national-union-fire-insurance/|1920 ND 107]] (1920, Birdzell, J.)  ·  construes
    * //“…%%ixing the time when policies of hail insurance shall take effect." Acts 1913, c. 177. The title refers to "the time when policies of hail insurance shall take effect," and not to a time when an application for insurance shall ripen into a policy. Hence, under section 61 of the Constitution, the act is void because the title does not express the subject of the act; but, aside from this defect in the title, the act should not be so construed so as to deny parties the right to make reason%%…”//
  * State ex rel. Gaulke v. Turner, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850254/state-ex-rel-gaulke-v-turner/|1917 ND 158]] (1917, Bruce, J.)
  * Woodward v. Blake, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850261/woodward-v-blake/|1917 ND 138]] (1917, Christianson, J.)
  * Ray v. Beery, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850165/ray-v-beery/|1917 ND 87]] (1917, Bruce, J.)
  * Fitzmaurice v. Willis, County Com'rs, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6848901/fitzmaurice-v-willis/|1910 ND 90]] (1910, Spalding, J.)
  * State ex rel. Walker v. McLean County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6847979/state-ex-rel-walker-v-mclean-county/|1902 ND 60]] (1902, Wallin, J.)
  * Erickson v. Cass County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6848001/erickson-v-cass-county/|1902 ND 54]] (1902, Young, J.)
  * Richard v. Stark County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6847626/richard-v-stark-county/|1899 ND 22]] (1899, Bartholomew, J.)
  * State ex rel. Standish v. Nomland, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6847145/state-ex-rel-standish-v-nomland/|1893 ND 38]] (1893, Bartholomew, J.)

== Initiated measures and constitutional amendments ==

  * Sunbehm Gas, Inc. v. Conrad, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1605465/sunbehm-gas-inc-v-conrad/|1981 ND 143]] (1981, Erickstad, J.)
  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/78-86.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 78-86 (1978)]]
  * City of Fargo v. Sathre, Atty. Gen. of North Dakota, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934170/city-of-fargo-v-sathre/|1949 ND 4]] (1949, Nuessle, J.)
  * Larkin v. Gronna, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934451/larkin-v-gronna/|1939 ND 13]] (1939, Burke, J.)
  * State ex rel. Gammons v. Shafer, State Auditing Board, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933494/state-ex-rel-gammons-v-shafer/|1933 ND 8]] (1933, Nuessle, J.)  ·  construes
    * //“…%%nstitution, relating to the legislative department, and initiated and referred legislation is subject to all constitutional restrictions the same as laws passed by the legislative assembly. 2. In determining the constitutionality of a legislative act, under section 61 of the Gonstitution, the title of the act is to be construed in the light of the general object and purpose of the act, and if so construed the provisions of the act appear to be in furtherance of the general provisions%%…”//
  * Preckel v. Byrne, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933779/preckel-v-byrne/|1932 ND 102]] (1932, Burr, J.)
  * Daly v. Beery, County Auditor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850860/daly-v-beery/|1920 ND 48]] (1920, Grace, J.)

== Amendatory acts and code revisions ==

  * Kessler v. Board of Education of City of Fessenden, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2177538/kessler-v-board-of-education-of-city-of-fessenden/|1958 ND 5]] (1958, Burke, J.)
  * State v. Jorda, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6725828/state-v-jorda/|1955 ND 76]] (1955, Burke, J.)
  * Ferch v. Housing Authority of Cass County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1580743/ferch-v-housing-authority-of-cass-county/|1953 ND 30]] (1953, Grimson, J.)
  * State v. Nagel, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933418/state-v-nagel/|1947 ND 36]] (1947, Nuessle, J.)
  * Marks v. City of Mandan (Stutsman, Intervener), [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933594/marks-v-city-of-mandan/|1941 ND 2]] (1941, Morris, J.)
  * Murray Bros. v. Buttles, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6849872/murray-bros-v-buttles/|1916 ND 14]] (1916, Bruce, J.)
  * State v. Brandner, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6849001/state-v-brandner/|1911 ND 28]] (1911, Burke, J.)
  * School District No. 94 v. King, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6848933/school-district-no-94-v-king/|1910 ND 102]] (1910, Morgan, J.)
  * State v. Fargo Bottling Works Co., [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6848785/state-v-fargo-bottling-works-co/|1910 ND 2]] (1910, Ellsworth, J.)  ·  construes
    * //“…%%l way. In such a liquor, alcohol or other drug of kindred quality preserving its native characteristics must be present, but not necessarily in such quantity as to produce intoxication. Chapter 187, p. 277, Laws 1909, is not in any of its parts repugnant to section 61 of the state Constitution, for the reason that the subject of the act is not expressed in the title. Being an amendment to chapter 110, p. 309. Laws 1890, it is a sufficient compliance with the constitutional requiremen%%…”//

== Taxation and appropriation acts ==

  * N.D. Att'y Gen.: [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/70-408.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 70-408 (1970)]]
  * State ex rel. Sandaker v. Olson, Acting Governor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933407/state-ex-rel-sandaker-v-olson/|1935 ND 25]] (1935, Burr, J.)
  * State ex rel. Old Line Life Ins. Co. of America v. Olsness, State Com'r of Insurance, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3935152/state-ex-rel-old-line-life-insurance-v-olsness/|1933 ND 14]] (1933, Birdzell, J.)
  * Goer v. Taylor, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933601/goer-v-taylor/|1924 ND 75]] (1924, Nuessle, J.)
  * Wilson v. City of Fargo, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6851144/wilson-v-city-of-fargo/|1921 ND 118]] (1921, Grace, J.)
  * State ex rel. Langer, Atty. Gen. v. Olson, State Treasurer, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850822/state-ex-rel-langer-v-olson/|1920 ND 13]] (1920, Bronson, J.)
  * Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Duncan, County Treasurer, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850624/great-northern-railway-co-v-duncan/|1919 ND 110]] (1919, Birdzell, J.)
  * Strauss v. State, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850159/strauss-v-state/|1917 ND 56]] (1917, Bruce, J.)
  * Moody v. Hagen (Tax Commission, Intervener), [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850145/moody-v-hagen/|1917 ND 55]] (1917, Bruce, J.)
  * Sherwood v. Barnes County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6849109/sherwood-v-barnes-county/|1911 ND 120]] (1911, Spalding, J.)
  * Divet v. Richland County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6847554/divet-v-richland-county/|1898 ND 70]] (1898, Wallin, J.)

== Criminal and police power statutes ==

  * State v. Rickel, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933727/state-v-rickel/|1939 ND 28]] (1939, Burr, J.)
  * State v. Colohan, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3935004/state-v-colohan/|1939 ND 27]] (1939, Burr, J.)
  * State v. McEnroe, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934951/state-v-mcenroe/|1938 ND 65]] (1938, Burr, J.)
  * State v. Goeson, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934303/state-v-goeson/|1935 ND 32]] (1935, Burr, J.)
  * State v. Isensee, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3934590/state-v-isensee/|1933 ND 83]] (1933, Birdzell, J.)
  * State ex rel. Leach v. Olson, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6850803/state-ex-rel-leach-v-olson/|1919 ND 221]] (1919, Grace, J.)
  * State v. McGillic, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6849324/state-v-mcgillic/|1913 ND 41]] (1913, Goss, J.)
  * State ex rel. Larabee v. Barnes, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6847134/state-ex-rel-larabee-v-barnes/|1893 ND 20]] (1893, Bartholomew, J.)
  * State ex rel. Goodsill v. Woodmanse, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6846988/state-ex-rel-goodsill-v-woodmansee/|1890 ND 32]] (1890, Wallin, J.)

== Other applications ==

  * Lapland v. Stearns, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2003831/lapland-v-stearns/|1952 ND 36]] (1952, Grimson, J.)
  * Coverston v. Grand Forks County, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3935379/coverston-v-grand-forks-county/|1946 ND 22]] (1946, Morris, J.)
  * State ex rel. Graham v. Hall, Secretary of State, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933138/state-ex-rel-graham-v-hall-ex-rel-state/|1944 ND 30]] (1944, Morris, J.)
  * St. Anthony & Dakota Elevator Co. v. Martineau, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6849715/st-anthony-dakota-elevator-co-v-martineau/|1915 ND 111]] (1915, Fisk, J.)  ·  construes
    * //“…%%r section 1603, Rev. Codes 1905 (section 2218, Comp. Laws 1913), which imposes a liability upon certain public officers for the performance of contracts entered into on behalf of a municipality which incur indebtedness in excess of the debt limit, contravenes section 61 of the North Dakota Constitution, is urged, but not decided, for the reason that a decision of such point is unnecessary on this appeal. Section 1603, Rev. Codes 1905 (section 2218, Comp. Laws 1913), construed, and he%%…”//

----
//The sidebar keeps a curated digest; this page is the complete record.//