=== References ===

== Cases ==
  - State v. Nelson County, 1 N.D. 88 (1890)
  - N.W. Bell v. Wentz, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1758302/northwestern-bell-telephone-company-v-wentz/|103 N.W.2d 245]] (N.D. 1960)
  - Solberg v. State Treasurer, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2155354/solberg-v-state-treasurer/|53 N.W.2d 49]] (N.D. 1952)
  - Stutsman v. Arthur, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/c/N.W.2d/16/449|16 N.W.2d 449]] (N.D. 1944)
  - Haugland v. Bismarck, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/2012ND123|2012 ND 123]]
  - Hale v. State, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/2012ND148|2012 ND 148]]
  - Reep v. State, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/2013ND253|2013 ND 253]]

== Prior Versions ==

  - [[https://www.ndconst.org/doku.php?id=artx:sec18:start&rev=1580484323|1889]]
  - [[https://www.ndconst.org/doku.php?id=artx:sec18:start&rev=1580484376|1914]]
  - [[https://www.ndconst.org/doku.php?id=artx:sec18:start&do=revisions|compare]]

== 1889 Convention ==

Convention journal pages
[[https://www.ndconst.org/_media/conv/1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=191|183]],
[[https://www.ndconst.org/_media/conv/1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=257|249]],
[[https://www.ndconst.org/_media/conv/1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=390|382]]

Convention proceedings and debates pages 
[[https://www.ndconst.org/_media/conv/1889_proceedings_and_debates_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=436|437]],
[[https://www.ndconst.org/_media/conv/1889_proceedings_and_debates_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=967|xxxii]]

== Scholarship ==
Sandefur, Timothy, [[https://ssrn.com/abstract=4167371|The Arizona Gift Clause]] (discussing development of gift clauses in several states)