=== References ===

===== Research (auto-generated) =====

**[[.:research|All 22 citing references →]]**

== History ==
  * 1982-07-08 (current text)

== Citing cases (auto) ==
  * Bd. of Trustees of The N.D. Public Employees' Retirement System v. N.D. (con't), [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/7696|2023 ND 185]] (2023)
  * State v. Neilan, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/118365|2021 ND 217]] (2021)
  * State v. Louser, et al., [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/117195|2021 ND 89]] (2021)
  * Ouradnik v. N.D. Dep't of Transportation, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/47912|2020 ND 39]] (2020)
  * N.D. Legislative Assembly, et al. v. Burgum, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/3123|2018 ND 189]] (2018)
  * Jones v. Levi, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/49239|2016 ND 245]] (2016)
  * Parsons v. WSI, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/149025|2013 ND 235]] (2013)
  * Daniels v. Ziegler, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/116569|2013 ND 157]] (2013)
  * Meier v. N.D. Dep't of Human Services, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/153514|2012 ND 134]] (2012)
  * State v. Flatt, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/153631|2007 ND 98]] (2007)
  * Brown v. State Board of Higher Education, [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/131479|2006 ND 60]] (2006)
  * Peterson v. ND University System, et al., [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions/134376|2004 ND 82]] (2004)

== Cross-references (auto) ==
  * cited by: [[https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndcodejudconduct/canon-4|N.D. Code Jud. Conduct canon 4]]

== Attorney General opinions (auto) ==
  * [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-L-03.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2025-L-03 (2025)]]
  * [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2019-L-05.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2019-L-05 (2019)]]
  * [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2011-L-02.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2011-L-02 (2011)]]
  * [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2005-O-19.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 2005-O-19 (2005)]]
  * [[https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/93HOKA01.pdf|N.D. Op. Att'y Gen. 93-L-70 (1993)]]