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References
Cases - liberty and pursuit of happiness
1 State ex rel. Goodsill v. Woodmansee, 1 N.D. 246, (N.D. 1890)
2 State v. Fargo Bottling Works Co., 124 N.W. 387 (1910)
3 Moody v. Hagen, 162 N.W. 704 (N.D. 1917)
4 Cofman v. Ousterhous, 168 N.W. 826, 1918 N.D. LEXIS 91 (N.D. 1918)
5 State ex rel. Germain v. Ross, 39 N.D. 630 (N.D. 1918)
6 State ex rel. Bismarck v. District Court, 253 N.W. 744 (1934)
7 State v. Cromwell, 9 N.W.2d 914 (N.D. 1943)
8 Tayloe v. City of Wahpeton, 62 N.W.2d 31 (N.D. 1953)
9 State v. Odegaard, 165 N.W.2d 677 (N.D. 1969)
10 Rosen v. Bismarck, 181 N.W.2d 722 (N.D. 1970)
11 Johnson v. Elkin, 263 N.W.2d 123, (N.D. 1978)
12 State v. Goetz, 312 N.W.2d 1, (N.D. 1981)


Cases - bearing arms 13 State v. Ricehill, 415 N.W.2d 481 (N.D. 1987)
14 Keller v. Keller, 2017 ND 119


Cases - enjoying and defending life and liberty   Wrigley v. Romanick, 2023 ND 50


Convention References   Journal p. 74


Prior Versions   1889
  Changes from prior version


Scholarly works   Steven G. Calabresi & Sofía M. Vickery, On Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of the Lockean Natural Rights Guarantees, 93 Tex. L.Rev. 1299 (2015)
  Joseph R. Grodin, Rediscovering the State Constitutional Right to Happiness and Safety, 25 Hastings Const. L.Q. 1 (1997)


Parallel Provisions predating N.D. Const. 15 U.S. Const. amend. II (“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”)
16 N.J. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See State v. Post, 20 N.J.L. 368, 372 (1845)
17 Cal. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See Ex parte Newman, 9 Cal. 502, 503 (1858)
18 N.H. Const. art. II. See Orr v. Quimby, 54 N.H. 590, 627 (1874)
19 For several others, see Franklin Benjamin Hough, American Constitutions (1871); Benjamin Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (1877).