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References
Cases - liberty and pursuit of happiness
1 State ex rel. Goodsill v. Woodmansee, 1 N.D. 246, (N.D. 1890)
2 State v. Fargo Bottling Works Co., 124 N.W. 387 (1910)
3 Moody v. Hagen, 162 N.W. 704 (N.D. 1917)
4 Cofman v. Ousterhous, 168 N.W. 826, 1918 N.D. LEXIS 91 (N.D. 1918)
5 State ex rel. Germain v. Ross, 39 N.D. 630 (N.D. 1918)
6 State ex rel. Bismarck v. District Court, 253 N.W. 744 (1934)
7 State v. Cromwell, 9 N.W.2d 914 (N.D. 1943)
8 Tayloe v. City of Wahpeton, 62 N.W.2d 31 (N.D. 1953)
9 State v. Odegaard, 165 N.W.2d 677 (N.D. 1969)
10 Rosen v. Bismarck, 181 N.W.2d 722 (N.D. 1970)
11 Johnson v. Elkin, 263 N.W.2d 123, (N.D. 1978)
12 State v. Goetz, 312 N.W.2d 1, (N.D. 1981)


Cases - bearing arms 13 State v. Ricehill, 415 N.W.2d 481 (N.D. 1987)
14 Keller v. Keller, 2017 ND 119


Cases - enjoying and defending life and liberty   Wrigley v. Romanick, 2023 ND 50


Convention References   Journal p. 66, 165, 226, 361


Prior Versions   1889
  Changes from prior version


References related to 1984 Amendment   N.D. Shooting Sports Ass'n launches petition effort Bis. Trib. Jan. 15, 1984
  Arms petition gains signatures, Bis. Trib. Mar. 12, 1984
  N.D. gun measure petitions filed, number could be record Bis. Trib. Jul. 21, 1984
  Lloyd Omdahl, People to Vote on 4 Measures Minot Daily News, Oct. 8, 1984
  John Andrist, The Journal, Oct. 24, 1984
  Measure No. 3 – No Minot Daily News, Oct. 26, 1984
  Sample Ballot Minot Daily News, Oct. 27, 1984
  Farmers Union Supports Ballot Measures Minot Daily News, Oct. 29, 1984
  Measure 3 proponents don't expect any problems Bis. Trib. Nov. 4, 1984
  Yes on #3 Bis. Trib. Nov. 4, 1984
  And on bearing guns… Bis. Trib. Nov. 5, 1984
  General Election Abstract
  Initiated Measure Approved (236,596 to 58,582) 1985 Session Laws ch. 702


Scholarly works   Steven G. Calabresi & Sofía M. Vickery, On Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of the Lockean Natural Rights Guarantees, 93 Tex. L.Rev. 1299 (2015)
  Joseph R. Grodin, Rediscovering the State Constitutional Right to Happiness and Safety, 25 Hastings Const. L.Q. 1 (1997)


Parallel Provisions predating N.D. Const. 15 U.S. Const. amend. II (“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”)
16 N.J. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See State v. Post, 20 N.J.L. 368, 372 (1845)
17 Cal. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See Ex parte Newman, 9 Cal. 502, 503 (1858)
18 N.H. Const. art. II. See Orr v. Quimby, 54 N.H. 590, 627 (1874)
19 For several others, see Franklin Benjamin Hough, American Constitutions (1871); Benjamin Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (1877).