North Dakota Constitution

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====== North Dakota Constitution ======

===== Primary References =====
  * Convention
    * {{:conv:1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf |Journal of the Constitutional Convention of 1889}}
    * {{conv:1889_proceedings_and_debates_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf |Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Convention of 1889}}
    * The {{ :conv:1889_draft_constitution.pdf |original draft constitution}} from the [[http://digitalhorizonsonline.org/digital/collection/uw-ndshs/id/13523/rec/2|State Historical Society Digital Horizons]] collection
  * Dakota Territory 
    * {{:refs:1877_revised_code-1880-second-edition.pdf |1877 Territorial Code}}
  * [[:amendments|All Amendments by date]]
  * [[:reference:publicity-pamphlets|Publicity Pamphlets for amendments 1920-1964]]
  * [[:date|Constitution as in effect on a particular date]]
  * [[:date:1889-11-02|Constitution of North Dakota (11-02-1889)]]
  * {{:conv:1972_debates_complete.pdf|1972 Convention Debates}}
  * Selected Legislative Manuals and Blue Books
    * {{ :laws:1883_revised-codes-of-the-dakota-territory_opt.pdf |1883 Territorial Code}}
    * {{ :laws:1887_compiled-laws-of-dakota-territory.pdf | 1887 Compiled Laws of Dakota Territory}}
    * {{ :refs:1890_north_dakota_legislative_manual_and_constitution.pdf#page=76|1890 Legislative Manual and Constitution }}
    * {{ :laws:1895_revised_codes_of_the_state_of_north_dakota.pdf |1895 Revised Code of North Dakota}}
    * {{ :laws:1897-ndconst-sessionlaws.pdf|1897 Constitution}} (1897 Session Laws)
    * {{ :laws:1901_constitution_of_the_state_of_north_dakota.pdf#page=45|1901 Constitution}}
    * {{ :laws:1907_legislative_manual.pdf |1907 Legislative Manual}}
    * {{ :laws:1913_compiled-laws-of-north-dakota.pdf |1913 Compiled Laws of North Dakota}}
    * {{ :laws:1913_compiled-laws-of-north-dakota-vol2.pdf |1913 Compiled Laws of North Dakota vol 2}}
    * {{ :laws:1914_state_constitution_of_the_state_of_north_dakota.pdf#page=3|1914 Constitution}}
    * {{ :laws:1919_legislative_manual.pdf |1919 Legislative Manual}}
    * {{ :laws:1954_blue_book.pdf |1954 Blue Book}}
    * {{ :laws:1961_blue_book.pdf |1961 Blue Book}}
    * {{ :laws:1973_blue_book.pdf |1973 Blue Book}}
    * {{ :laws:1981_blue_book.pdf |1981 Blue Book}}

===== Statehood-Era Dictionaries and Treatises Cited in N.D. Court Opinions =====

  * {{ :refs:1883_cooley_constitutional_limitations.pdf |Thomas M. Cooley, Treatise on Constitutional Limitations (5th ed. 1883)}} [Note:{{:conv:1889_proceedings_and_debates_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=65|Cooley remarks to convention}}]
  * {{ :refs:1871_cooley_const-lim-2d.pdf |Thomas M. Cooley, Treatise on Constitutional Limitations (2nd ed. 1871)}}
  * {{ :refs:1890_cooley_constitutional-limitations_6th-ed.pdf |Thomas M. Cooley, Treatise on Constitutional Limitations (6th ed. 1890)}}
  * {{ :refs:1903_cooley_constitutional-limitations_7th.pdf |Thomas M. Cooley, Treatise on Constitutional Limitations (7th ed. 1903)}}
  * {{ :refs:1880_cooley_general-principles-of-constitutional-law.pdf |Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles of Constitutional Law (1880)}}
  * Anderson, {{ :dict:1889_anderson_dictionary-of-law.pdf|A Dictionary of Law}} (1889)
  * Bouvier, A Law Dictionary (1883) {{dict:1883_bouvier_vol_1.pdf|vol 1}}, {{dict:1883_bouvier_vol_2.pdf|vol 2}}
  * Burrill, A Law Dictionary (1867) {{dict:1867_burrill_vol_1.pdf|vol 1}}, {{dict:1867_burrill_vol_2.pdf|vol 2}}
  * {{ :dict:1881_webster_a-dictionary-of-the-english-language.pdf |Webster, A Dictionary of the English Language }} (1881)
  * {{ :dict:1898_websters-international-dictionary.pdf |Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language}} (unabridged 1898)
  * {{ :dict:1886_websters-complete-dictionary.pdf |Webster's Complete Dictionary of the English Language}} (unabridged 1886)
  * {{ :dict:1891_black_dictionary-of-law.pdf |Black's Law Dictionary (1891)}}
  * {{ :refs:1895_black_handbook-of-american-constitutional-law.pdf |Black, Handbook of American Constitutional Law (1895)}}
  * Lewis Sutherland, {{ :refs:1891_sutherland_statutory-construction.pdf |Statutory Construction (1891)}}
  * //Criminal Law and Procedure Treatises//
    * Joel Prentiss Bishop, Commentaries on the Law of Criminal Procedure (2d ed. 1872) ({{ :refs:1872_bishop-criminal-procedure-vol1.pdf |vol 1}}) ({{ :refs:1872_bishop-criminal-procedure-vol2.pdf |vol 2}})
    * Joel Prentiss Bishop, {{ :refs:1885_bishop-prosecution-and-defense.pdf |Prosecution and Defense, Practical Directions and Forms (1885)}}
    * Samuel Maxwell, {{ :refs:1887_maxwell-criminal-procedure.pdf |A Practical Treatise on Criminal Procedure (1887)}}
    * Francis Wharton, {{ :refs:1880_wharton-criminal-practice-8th.pdf |A Treatise on Criminal Pleading and Practice (8th ed. 1880)}}
    * Francis Wharton, {{ :refs:1889_wharton-criminal-practice-9th.pdf |A Treatise on Criminal Pleading and Practice (9th ed. 1889)}}
    * Francis Wharton, A Treatise on Criminal Law (8th ed. 1880) ({{ :refs:1880_wharton-criminal-law-8th-vol1.pdf |vol 1}}) ({{ :refs:1880_wharton-criminal-law-8th-vol2.pdf |vol 2}})
    * Francis Wharton, A Treatise on Criminal Law (9th ed. 1885) ({{ :refs:1885_wharton-criminal-law-9th-vol2.pdf |vol 2}})
    * Francis Wharton, A Treatise on Criminal Law (10th ed. 1896) ({{ :refs:1896_wharton-criminal-law-10th-vol1.pdf |vol 1}}) ({{ :refs:1896_wharton-criminal-law-10th-vol2.pdf |vol 2}})
  * //Tort Law//
    * {{ :laws:1879_cooley_torts.pdf |Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on the Law of Torts or the Wrongs Which Arise Independent of Contract (1879) }}
    * {{ :laws:1888_cooley_torts_2d.pdf |Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on the Law of Torts or the Wrongs Which Arise Independent of Contract (2d ed. 1888)}}

===== Statehood Era Materials for a General Audience =====
  * Woods, {{ :refs:1897_woods_civil-government-for-north-dakota.pdf |Civil Government for North Dakota}} (1897)
  * Boyle, {{ :refs:1910_boyle_the_government_of_north_dakota.pdf |The Government of North Dakota}} (1910)
  * [[https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr4/citizenship/section-8-constitution-north-dakota|North Dakota Studies materials]]
===== Historical References =====
  * [[https://www.history.nd.gov/archives/whatnewspapers.html|State Archives]] Newspaper archives
  * The [[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/#tab=tab_advanced_search|Library of Congress archive]] includes archived newspaper coverage of the debates and adoption of the Constitution and later amendments.
  * [[http://ndarchives.advantage-preservation.com/|Advantage Archives]] of historical newspapers
  * [[newspapers|selected North Dakota newspapers]] published during the Constitutional Convention

===== Scholarly Works =====

  * Jerod Tufte, The North Dakota Constitution: An Original Approach Since 1889, [[https://law.und.edu/_files/docs/ndlr/pdf/issues/95/3/95ndlr417.pdf|95 N.D. L. Rev. 417]].
  * [[https://www.worldcat.org/title/north-dakota-state-constitution/oclc/693810854|James Leahy, The North Dakota State Constitution (2011)]] 
  * An Introduction to North Dakota Constitutional Law: Content and Methods of Interpretation, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nordak63&i=151|63 N.D. L. Rev. 157]] (1987).
  * Summary of significant decisions rendered by North Dakota Supreme Court in 1988 relating to state constitutional law, 64 N.D. L. Rev. 226 (1988).
  * Sources of the 1889 North Dakota Constitution, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nordak65&i=341|65 N.D. L. Rev. 331]] (1989).
  * Digging for Roots: The North Dakota Constitution and the Thayer Correspondence, [[https://commons.und.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2272&context=ndlr|65 N.D. L. Rev. 343]] (1989).
  * The Thayer Correspondence Introductory Note, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nordak65&i=393|65 N.D. L. Rev. 383]] (1989).
  * Model Constitution (Peddrick Draft #2, 1889) Introductory Note, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nordak65&i=425|65 N.D. L. Rev. 415]] (1989).
  * The Constitution Is What the Judges Say It Is, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nordak65&i=501|65 N.D. L. Rev. 491]] (1989).
  * Vance K. Hill, The North Dakota Constitution: The Executive Branch, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nordak48&i=303|48 N.D. L. Rev. 291]]
  * Elwyn B. Robinson, [[https://commons.und.edu/oers/1/|History of North Dakota]] (2017).
  * Ryland Melville Black, [[https://archive.org/details/historyofstateco00blac/|History of the State Constitutional Convention of 1889]] (1910). ({{ :conv:historyofthestateconstitutionalconventionof1889.pdf |PDF copy}})

===== Readings on State Constitutionalism =====
  * Jeffrey S. Sutton, [[https://global.oup.com/academic/product/51-imperfect-solutions-9780190866044?cc=us&lang=en&|51 Imperfect Solutions]] (2018)
  * William J. Jr. Brennan, State Constitutions and the Protection of Individual Rights, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/hlr90&i=507|90 Harv. L. Rev. 489, 504]] (1977)
  *  Carpenter, Leonore and Margolis, Ellie, One Sequin at a Time: Lessons on State Constitutions and Incremental Change from the Campaign for Marriage Equality. 75 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L. 255 (2020). [[https://ssrn.com/abstract=3693109|Available at SSRN]]
  * Justin Long, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/pepplr34&i=54|Intermittent State Constitutionalism]]
  * Kahn, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/hlr106&i=1165| Interpretation and Authority in State Constitutionalism]]
  * Christiansen, Originalism: The Primary Canon of State Constitutional Interpretation, [[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2827872|15 Geo. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 341]] (2017)
  * Spitzer, [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/rutlj37&i=1177|New Life for the Criteria Tests in State Constitutional Jurisprudence]]

===== Sources for parallel provisions pre-dating the North Dakota Constitution =====
  * [[https://stateconstitutiontool.org|State Constitution Tool]]
  * [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.beal/zaag0001&i=1|Franklin Benjamin Hough, American Constitutions (1871)]]
  * [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/feschag0001&i=1|Benjamin Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (1877)]]

===== U.S. Constitution References =====

  * [[https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution|National Constitution Center Interactive Constitution]]
  * [[https://constitution.congress.gov/|Library of Congress Constitution Annotated]]
  * [[https://www.heritage.org/constitution/|Heritage Guide to the Constitution]]
  * [[https://www.consource.org/|ConSource: The Constitutional Sources Project]]
  * [[usconst-index|Index into N.D. Const. by U.S. Constitutional Provision]]

===== Sources for Further Research =====

Other statehood-era sources can be located at [[http://books.google.com/|Google Books]], the Internet Archive collection of ebooks and texts at [[https://archive.org/details/texts | https://archive.org/details/texts]], [[https://www.hathitrust.org/|HathiTrust Digital Library]], and HeinOnline's  [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/Index?collection=statecon | State Constitutions Illustrated ]] collection.