arti:sec1:start [North Dakota Constitution]

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References

Cases - liberty and pursuit of happiness

State ex rel. Goodsill v. Woodmansee, 1 N.D. 246, (N.D. 1890)
State v. Fargo Bottling Works Co., 124 N.W. 387 (1910)
Moody v. Hagen, 162 N.W. 704 (N.D. 1917)
Cofman v. Ousterhous, 168 N.W. 826, 1918 N.D. LEXIS 91 (N.D. 1918)
State ex rel. Germain v. Ross, 39 N.D. 630 (N.D. 1918)
State ex rel. Bismarck v. District Court, 253 N.W. 744 (1934)
State v. Cromwell, 9 N.W.2d 914 (N.D. 1943)
Tayloe v. City of Wahpeton, 62 N.W.2d 31 (N.D. 1953)
State v. Odegaard, 165 N.W.2d 677 (N.D. 1969)
Rosen v. Bismarck, 181 N.W.2d 722 (N.D. 1970)
Johnson v. Elkin, 263 N.W.2d 123, (N.D. 1978)
State v. Goetz, 312 N.W.2d 1, (N.D. 1981)

Cases - bearing arms

State v. Ricehill, 415 N.W.2d 481 (N.D. 1987)
Keller v. Keller, 2017 ND 119

Cases - enjoying and defending life and liberty

Wrigley v. Romanick, 2023 ND 50

Convention References

Journal p. 74

Prior Versions

Scholarly works

Steven G. Calabresi & Sofía M. Vickery, On Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of the Lockean Natural Rights Guarantees, 93 Tex. L.Rev. 1299 (2015)
Joseph R. Grodin, Rediscovering the State Constitutional Right to Happiness and Safety, 25 Hastings Const. L.Q. 1 (1997)

Parallel Provisions predating N.D. Const.

U.S. Const. amend. II (“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”)
N.J. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See State v. Post, 20 N.J.L. 368, 372 (1845)
Cal. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See Ex parte Newman, 9 Cal. 502, 503 (1858)
N.H. Const. art. II. See Orr v. Quimby, 54 N.H. 590, 627 (1874)
For several others, see Franklin Benjamin Hough, American Constitutions (1871); Benjamin Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (1877).

arti:sec1:start

Sec. 1. All individuals are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation; pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness; and to keep and bear arms for the defense of their person, family, property, and the state, and for lawful hunting, recreational, and other lawful purposes, which shall not be infringed.

[Amended Nov. 6, 1984 (S.L. 1985, ch. 702)]

arti/sec1/start.txt · Last modified: 2020/07/09 16:43 by admin