North Dakota Constitution

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=== References ===

== Cases - liberty and pursuit of happiness ==
  - State ex rel. Goodsill v. Woodmansee, [[https://cite.case.law/nd/1/246/|1 N.D. 246]], (N.D. 1890)
  - State v. Fargo Bottling Works Co., [[https://cite.case.law/nw/124/387/|124 N.W. 387]] (1910)
  - Moody v. Hagen, [[https://cite.case.law/nw/162/704/|162 N.W. 704]] (N.D. 1917)
  - Cofman v. Ousterhous, [[https://cite.case.law/nw/168/826/|168 N.W. 826]], 1918 N.D. LEXIS 91 (N.D. 1918)
  - State ex rel. Germain v. Ross, [[https://cite.case.law/nd/39/630/|39 N.D. 630]] (N.D. 1918)
  - State ex rel. Bismarck v. District Court, [[https://cite.case.law/nw/253/744/|253 N.W. 744]] (1934)
  - State v. Cromwell, [[https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3933491/state-v-cromwell/|9 N.W.2d 914]] (N.D. 1943)
  - Tayloe v. City of Wahpeton, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW2d/62/31|62 N.W.2d 31]] (N.D. 1953)
  - State v. Odegaard, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW2d/165/677|165 N.W.2d 677]] (N.D. 1969)
  - Rosen v. Bismarck, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW2d/181/722|181 N.W.2d 722]] (N.D. 1970)
  - Johnson v. Elkin, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW2d/263/123|263 N.W.2d 123]], (N.D. 1978)
  - State v. Goetz, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW2d/312/1|312 N.W.2d 1]], (N.D. 1981)

== Cases - bearing arms ==

  - State v. Ricehill, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/NW2d/415/481|415 N.W.2d 481]] (N.D. 1987)
  - Keller v. Keller, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/ND/2017/119|2017 ND 119]]

== Cases - enjoying and defending life and liberty ==
  * Wrigley v. Romanick, [[https://courtlistener.com/c/ND/2023/50|2023 ND 50]]
 
== Convention References ==
  * Journal p. {{ :conv:1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=74| 66}}, {{ :conv:1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=157| 165}}, {{ :conv:1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=218| 226}}, {{ :conv:1889_journal_of_the_constitutional_convention.pdf#page=353| 361}}

== Prior Versions ==

  * [[https://www.ndconst.org/arti/sec1/start?rev=1594312993|1889]]
  * [[https://www.ndconst.org/arti/sec1/start?do=diff&rev2%5B0%5D=1594312993&rev2%5B1%5D=1594313022&difftype=sidebyside|Changes from prior version]]


== References related to 1984 Amendment ==
  * N.D. Shooting Sports Ass'n launches petition effort {{ :arti:sec1:the_bismarck_tribune_1984_01_15_14.pdf |Bis. Trib. Jan. 15, 1984}}
  * Arms petition gains signatures, {{ :arti:sec1:the_bismarck_tribune_1984_03_12_11.pdf |Bis. Trib. Mar. 12, 1984}}
  * N.D. gun measure petitions filed, number could be record {{ :arti:sec1:the_bismarck_tribune_1984_07_21_10.pdf |Bis. Trib. Jul. 21, 1984}}
  * Lloyd Omdahl, People to Vote on 4 Measures {{ :arti:sec1:the_minot_daily_news_page4_1984-10-08.pdf |Minot Daily News, Oct. 8, 1984}}
  * John Andrist, {{ :arti:sec1:journal_page2_1984-10-24.pdf |The Journal, Oct. 24, 1984}}
  * Measure No. 3 -- No {{ :arti:sec1:the_minot_daily_news_page4_1984-10-26.pdf |Minot Daily News, Oct. 26, 1984}}
  * Sample Ballot {{ :arti:sec1:the_minot_daily_news_page31_1984-10-27.pdf |Minot Daily News, Oct. 27, 1984}}
  * Farmers Union Supports Ballot Measures {{ :arti:sec1:the_minot_daily_news_page6_1984-10-29.pdf |Minot Daily News, Oct. 29, 1984}}
  * Measure 3 proponents don't expect any problems {{ :arti:sec1:the_bismarck_tribune_1984_11_04_11.pdf |Bis. Trib. Nov. 4, 1984}}
  * Yes on #3 {{ :arti:sec1:the_bismarck_tribune_1984_11_04_26.pdf |Bis. Trib. Nov. 4, 1984}}
  * And on bearing guns... {{ :arti:sec1:the_bismarck_tribune_1984_11_05_4.pdf |Bis. Trib. Nov. 5, 1984}}
  * {{ :arti:sec1:1984-11-06-general-election-abstract.pdf |General Election Abstract}}
  * Initiated Measure Approved (236,596 to 58,582) {{ :arti:sec1:1985_session-laws-ima.pdf |1985 Session Laws ch. 702}}

== Scholarly works ==
  * Steven G. Calabresi & Sofía M. Vickery, [[http://texaslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Calabresi-93-6.pdf|On Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of the Lockean Natural Rights Guarantees]], 93 Tex. L.Rev. 1299 (2015)
  * Joseph R. Grodin, [[https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly/vol25/iss1/1/|Rediscovering the State Constitutional Right to Happiness and Safety]], 25 Hastings Const. L.Q. 1 (1997)

== Parallel Provisions predating N.D. Const.==

  - [[https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-ii|U.S. Const. amend. II]] ("A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.")
  - N.J. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See State v. Post, 20 N.J.L. 368, 372 (1845)
  - Cal. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See Ex parte Newman, 9 Cal. 502, 503 (1858)
  - N.H. Const. art. II. See Orr v. Quimby, 54 N.H. 590, 627 (1874)
  - For several others, see [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.beal/zaag0001&i=1|Franklin Benjamin Hough, American Constitutions (1871)]]; [[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.cow/feschag0001&i=1|Benjamin Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (1877)]].