test one
this is section 1 text.
this is second paragraph with a
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References
Cases - liberty and pursuit of happiness
1 State ex rel. Goodsill v. Woodmansee, 1 N.D. 246, (N.D. 1890)
2 State v. Fargo Bottling Works Co., 124 N.W. 387 (1910)
3 Moody v. Hagen, 162 N.W. 704 (N.D. 1917)
4 Cofman v. Ousterhous, 168 N.W. 826, 1918 N.D. LEXIS 91 (N.D. 1918)
5 State ex rel. Germain v. Ross, 39 N.D. 630 (N.D. 1918)
6 State ex rel. Bismarck v. District Court, 253 N.W. 744 (1934)
7 State v. Cromwell, 9 N.W.2d 914 (N.D. 1943)
8 Tayloe v. City of Wahpeton, 62 N.W.2d 31 (N.D. 1953)
9 State v. Odegaard, 165 N.W.2d 677 (N.D. 1969)
10 Rosen v. Bismarck, 181 N.W.2d 722 (N.D. 1970)
11 Johnson v. Elkin, 263 N.W.2d 123, (N.D. 1978)
12 State v. Goetz, 312 N.W.2d 1, (N.D. 1981)
Cases - bearing arms
13 State v. Ricehill, 415 N.W.2d 481 (N.D. 1987)
14 Keller v. Keller, 2017 ND 119
Cases - enjoying and defending life and liberty
Wrigley v. Romanick, 2023 ND 50
Convention References
Journal p. 74
Prior Versions
1889
Changes from prior version
Scholarly works
Steven G. Calabresi & Sofía M. Vickery, On Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of the Lockean Natural Rights Guarantees, 93 Tex. L.Rev. 1299 (2015)
Joseph R. Grodin, Rediscovering the State Constitutional Right to Happiness and Safety, 25 Hastings Const. L.Q. 1 (1997)
Parallel Provisions predating N.D. Const.
15 U.S. Const. amend. II (“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”)
16 N.J. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See State v. Post, 20 N.J.L. 368, 372 (1845)
17 Cal. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See Ex parte Newman, 9 Cal. 502, 503 (1858)
18 N.H. Const. art. II. See Orr v. Quimby, 54 N.H. 590, 627 (1874)
19 For several others, see Franklin Benjamin Hough, American Constitutions (1871); Benjamin Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (1877).