test one
this is section 1 text.
this is second paragraph with a
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References
Cases - liberty and pursuit of happiness
1 State ex rel. Goodsill v. Woodmansee, 1 N.D. 246, (N.D. 1890)
2 State v. Fargo Bottling Works Co., 124 N.W. 387 (1910)
3 Moody v. Hagen, 162 N.W. 704 (N.D. 1917)
4 Cofman v. Ousterhous, 168 N.W. 826, 1918 N.D. LEXIS 91 (N.D. 1918)
5 State ex rel. Germain v. Ross, 39 N.D. 630 (N.D. 1918)
6 State ex rel. Bismarck v. District Court, 253 N.W. 744 (1934)
7 State v. Cromwell, 9 N.W.2d 914 (N.D. 1943)
8 Tayloe v. City of Wahpeton, 62 N.W.2d 31 (N.D. 1953)
9 State v. Odegaard, 165 N.W.2d 677 (N.D. 1969)
10 Rosen v. Bismarck, 181 N.W.2d 722 (N.D. 1970)
11 Johnson v. Elkin, 263 N.W.2d 123, (N.D. 1978)
12 State v. Goetz, 312 N.W.2d 1, (N.D. 1981)
Cases - bearing arms
13 State v. Ricehill, 415 N.W.2d 481 (N.D. 1987)
14 Keller v. Keller, 2017 ND 119
Cases - enjoying and defending life and liberty
Wrigley v. Romanick, 2023 ND 50
Convention References
Journal p. 66, 165, 226, 361
Prior Versions
1889
Changes from prior version
References related to 1984 Amendment
N.D. Shooting Sports Ass'n launches petition effort Bis. Trib. Jan. 15, 1984
Arms petition gains signatures, Bis. Trib. Mar. 12, 1984
N.D. gun measure petitions filed, number could be record Bis. Trib. Jul. 21, 1984
Lloyd Omdahl, People to Vote on 4 Measures Minot Daily News, Oct. 8, 1984
John Andrist, The Journal, Oct. 24, 1984
Measure No. 3 – No Minot Daily News, Oct. 26, 1984
Sample Ballot Minot Daily News, Oct. 27, 1984
Farmers Union Supports Ballot Measures Minot Daily News, Oct. 29, 1984
Measure 3 proponents don't expect any problems Bis. Trib. Nov. 4, 1984
Yes on #3 Bis. Trib. Nov. 4, 1984
And on bearing guns… Bis. Trib. Nov. 5, 1984
General Election Abstract
Initiated Measure Approved (236,596 to 58,582) 1985 Session Laws ch. 702
Scholarly works
Steven G. Calabresi & Sofía M. Vickery, On Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of the Lockean Natural Rights Guarantees, 93 Tex. L.Rev. 1299 (2015)
Joseph R. Grodin, Rediscovering the State Constitutional Right to Happiness and Safety, 25 Hastings Const. L.Q. 1 (1997)
Parallel Provisions predating N.D. Const.
15 U.S. Const. amend. II (“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”)
16 N.J. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See State v. Post, 20 N.J.L. 368, 372 (1845)
17 Cal. Const. art. I, sec. 1. See Ex parte Newman, 9 Cal. 502, 503 (1858)
18 N.H. Const. art. II. See Orr v. Quimby, 54 N.H. 590, 627 (1874)
19 For several others, see Franklin Benjamin Hough, American Constitutions (1871); Benjamin Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (1877).